Nanocarrier based plant transfection and transduction

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a novel method for the transduction and/or transfection of plant cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been successfully employed as nanocarriers to deliver proteins and oligonucleotides to single plant cell microspores as well as multi-cellular zygotic embryos. The efficiency of CPP internalization and further delivery of a macromolecular cargo comprising a protein and/or an oligonucleotide can be enhanced by permeabilization of the zygotic embryos.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage of International Application No.PCT/CA2008/001112, filed Jun. 9, 2006. This application claims thebenefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/929,006, filed Jun. 7,2007. The entire disclosures of each of the above applications areincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present invention relates to novel methods and compositions fortransformation of plants using cell-penetrating peptides.

BACKGROUND

This section provides background information related to the presentdisclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

Traditional plant breeding strategies to develop new lines of plantsthat exhibit particular traits are time consuming and sometimesunpredictable. More recently, the development of methods for plantgenetic transformation and the growing identification and availabilityof useful genes and their products has opened the door to rapiddevelopment of plants expressing desired traits. However, there remainsa need for improved methods. Existing strategies, such asAgrobacterum—mediated transformation and particle bombardment dependheavily on the tissue and genotype. Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) area novel and fast growing class of short peptides that are known to playan important role in translocation of a wide range of cargo complexesincluding proteins and DNA across the bio-membranes in mammalian andhuman cell lines (Schwartz and Zhang, 2000; Langel, 2002; Vives, 2002,).

The HIV-1 TAT protein transduction domain (PTD) is one of the most wellstudied translocating peptides. Recent reports have shown the potentialof TAT-PTD and its oligomers for plasmid delivery by forming a complexwith the negatively charged DNA in mammalian cells (Ignatovich et al,2003; Rudolph e al, 2003; Siprashvili et al, 2003; Hellgren et al,2004). Other peptides that have been shown to have translocatingproperties include pVEC, transportan, penetratin, pep-1 peptides andfragments thereof.

Some of the prior art relating to CPP mediated translocation isdiscussed below. United States Patent Application 20040121325 describesa method of producing recombinant plants or plant cells which express asequence coding for a protein having xylosyltransferase activity orbeing complementary thereto.

PCT Application WO2005117992 discloses a composition for controlleddelivery of a compound into a target cell. The composition comprises acell-penetrating peptide, a cell penetrating peptide inhibitor, acompound, and a cleavage site where the peptide inhibitor inhibitstranslocation activity of the cell penetrating peptide. Cleavage at thecleavage site by a cleaving agent disinhibits the cell penetratingpeptide and the disinhibited cell penetrating peptide is capable oftranslocating a compound into a target cell. This application does not,however, disclose transformation of plant cells.

United States Patent Application No. 2005/0260756 discloses a membranepermeable complex for facilitating delivery of a double-stranded RNAmolecule into a cell. The complex comprises a double-stranded RNAmolecule and a cell-penetrating peptide with a covalent bond linking thedouble-stranded RNA to the cell penetrating peptide. The disclosure islimited to the transformation of neuronal cells.

Unnamalai et al. (FEBS Letters 566 (2004) 307) disclose the use of acationic oligopeptide polyarginine for delivery of dsRNA forpost-transcriptional gene silencing.

While CPPs have been shown to facilitate cargo delivery in mammaliancells, the use of CPP in plant cells for transfection studies has beenlimited by a number of factors. A major obstacle to adapting thistechnology to plants is that, unlike animal cells, plant cells present adual barrier system (cell wall and plasma membrane) for theinternalization of CPPs and their cargos. Therefore, CPPs must overcomethese two barriers for efficient translocation.

With the ever-growing information from the plant genome-sequencingprojects there is an urgent need for the development of a fast,universal (tissue/genotype independent) method in plants for functionalgenomic studies of a wide array of genes and for the development oftransgenic plants expressing desired traits.

SUMMARY

This section provides background information related to the presentdisclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

The present invention addresses the need for novel methods for geneand/or protein delivery to plant cells. Cell penetrating peptides areused to deliver the desired cargo to the interior of a plant cell.

In one aspect of the invention there is provided a method for thedelivery of a cargo moiety to a plant cell. The method comprisesexposing a plant cell to a complex comprising at least one cargo moietylinked to a carrier moiety. The plant cell is preferably a somatic cellor a gametophytic cell.

In one preferred embodiment the carrier moiety is a polypeptide that hascell penetration and nucleic acid binding properties. In a furtherpreferred embodiment, the carrier moiety includes a nuclear localizationsignal.

The carrier moiety may be selected from the group consisting of HIV tat,pVEC, transportan, penetratin, Pep-1 peptides and fragments thereof.Other carriers having cell penetrating properties may also be used inthe methods of the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the carriermoiety comprises the protein transduction domain (PTD) of tat or afragment thereof, preferably amino acids 49 to 57 of HIV tat.

In one aspect of the invention the cargo moiety comprises a nucleicacid. The nucleic acid may comprise mRNA, tm RNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA,shRNA, PNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, dsDNA, DNA:RNA hybrids; plasmids,artificial chromosomes, gene therapy constructs, cDNA, PCR products,restriction fragments, ribozymes, antisense constructs or combinationsthereof. In one preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is DNA. Inanother preferred embodiment, the nucleic acid is RNA.

In another aspect of the invention, the cargo moiety is a polypeptide.In one preferred embodiment, the polypeptide encodes a protein thatalters the cell metabolism. The protein may be an embryogenesis relatedprotein or active domain thereof. The protein may be a polypeptideassociated with homologous recombination or an active domain thereof.

In an alternative aspect of the invention the cargo moiety also includesa combination of additional polypeptide and/or nucleic acid.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention a somatic plant cell ispre-treated with a cell-permeabilizing agent to facilitateinternalization of the complex. A preferred permeabilizing agent istoluene.

In addition to the methods of the invention, the invention also providesa complex for mediating transport of an active substance into a plantcell. The complex comprises a cargo moiety linked to a carrier moietywherein the carrier moiety can drive the complex into a plant cell.

In preferred embodiments, the cargo moiety is a nucleic acid and thecarrier moiety includes a nuclear localization signal. In anotherembodiment, the complex comprises a fusion protein consisting of cargomoiety and the carrier moiety. A marker protein may be included to trackinternalization of the complex. Various other types of proteins, such asa protein associated with site directed integration or an embryogenicprotein or active domain thereof may be included in the complex.

In another preferred embodiment, the method includes the addition of atransfecting agent, such as lipofectamine.

The invention also provides transgenic plant seeds and isolated plantcells produced using the methods and constructs of the invention.

Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the descriptionprovided herein. The description and specific examples in this summaryare intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended tolimit the scope of the present disclosure.

DRAWINGS

These and other features of the invention will become more apparent fromthe following description in which reference is made to the appendeddrawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows the effect of permeabilization on translocation of afluoresceinated complex in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 2 demonstrates uptake of Tat in microspores;

FIG. 3 demonstrates the efficiency of various CPPs in permeabilizedembryos;

FIG. 4 illustrates uptake of a Tat-GUS complex in permeabilized embryos;

FIG. 5 illustrates uptake of a Tat2-GUS complex in permeabilizedembryos;

FIG. 6 illustrates uptake of a Pep-1-GUS complex in permeabilizedembryos;

FIG. 7 illustrates uptake of a Pep-1-GUS complex in microspores;

FIG. 8 demonstrates gus gene expression in permeabilized embryos;

FIG. 9 shows plants from microspores treated with a Tat-DNA complex; and

FIG. 10 illustrates the effect of lipofectamine on gus gene expression.

FIG. 11A shows the effect of different treatments of CPPs and DNA.

FIG. 11B shows the effect of various combinations of DNA and RecA.

Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughoutthe several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference tothe accompanying drawings.

Delivery of foreign nucleic acids or polypeptides across the cell entrybarriers of plant cells is difficult. The chances of success can beenhanced by treating the plant tissues with cellular permeabilizingagents such as toluene (Mahalakshmi et al, 2000); however, the rates oftransformation remain low.

The present invention provides a novel method for the delivery of acargo to plant cells. The cargo may be a nucleic acid molecule to beexpressed in the target cell or it may be a polypeptide. The cargo mayinclude a marker to track delivery into the plant cells.

In the methods of the present invention, the cargo is linked to acell-penetrating peptide (CPP), also referred to herein as a “carrier”or “carrier moiety”. The carrier is complexed with the cargo and carriesthe cargo into the cell.

Briefly, a complex comprising a carrier moiety and a cargo moiety isprepared. A carrier moiety is an agent that can transverse a plant cellmembrane and/or cell wall.

Preferred carriers for use in the present invention are cell penetratingpeptides (CPP). CPPs that are useful in the methods and complexes of theinvention include, but are not limited to HIV tat, pVEC, transportan,penetratin, Pep-1 and fragments thereof.

The cargo moiety may be a nucleic acid or a polypeptide. Examples ofnucleic acids which may be coupled to the carrier include mRNA, tm RNA,tRNA, rRNA, siRNA, shRNA, PNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, dsDNA, DNA:RNAhybrids; plasmids, artificial chromosomes, gene therapy constructs,cDNA, PCR products, restriction fragments, ribozymes, antisenseconstructs or combinations thereof. In one preferred embodiment, thenucleic acid is DNA. In another preferred embodiment, the nucleic acidis RNA. Examples of polypeptides which may be complexed with the carrierinclude any protein or polypeptide fragment thereof. For example, theprotein may be an agent that modifies the phenotype of the plant orplant cell. It may be a protein that confers resistance to certain pestsor herbicides. The polypeptide may also encode a protein that alterscell metabolism, such as an embryogenesis related protein or a proteininvolved in site-directed integration.

The carrier-cargo complexes of the invention can be formed in variousways by covalent and/or electrostatic linkage. Also, a complex can bemade of combination of CPPs and cargoes e.g. DNA coated with RecAcomplexed with Pep-1.

In a preferred method of the invention, the cells are first treated witha permeabilizing agent. Surprisingly high rates of transfer can beachieved by combining permeabilization techniques with the use of CPPs.The permeabilization treatment results in transient pore formation inthe plasma membrane which can aid in translocation of CPP alone or as acarrier-cargo complex by overcoming size restrictions imposed by thecell wall and membrane. However, it should be clearly understood thatpretreatment with a permeabilizing agent is not required for all typesof plant cells. For example, microspores can be efficiently transformedusing carrier-cargo complexes without any pre-permeabilization step.

Various types of permeabilizing agents can be used to enhancetranslocation of a carrier-cargo complex. A permeabilizing solutioncomprising toluene and ethanol has been shown to be particularlyeffective.

The results of several exemplary experiments are shown in the attachedFigures to demonstrate the efficacy of the methods and compositions ofthe invention.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a series of photomicrographs that demonstratethe effect of permeabilization are shown. The translocation offluoresceinated TAT-PTD in immature embryos of Triticale cv AC Alta wasvisualized by fluorescence microscopy. The results demonstrate thatcontrol embryos incubated in permeabilization buffer only (A) andembryos treated with a Toluene permeabilization buffer (B)did not emitfluorescence. Embryos treated with FITC-labeled dextran sulphate only(C) did not demonstrate any significant uptake of the labeled dextransulphate. On the other hand embryos treated with FITC-labeled dextransulphate in the presence of cellular permeabilizing agent (D) diddemonstrate some fluorescence as did embryos treated withfluoresceinated TAT-PTD only (E). The most significant uptake, however,was seen in embryos treated with fluoresceinated TAT-PTD in the presenceof cellular permeabilizing agent. This demonstrates the high efficiencyof transport when cell permeabilization is coupled with the use of acell penetrating peptide such as TAT-PTD. The results shown in FIG. 1demonstrate that permeabilization of the immature embryos promotesefficient translocation of cell penetrating peptides.

However, permeabilization is not necessary for all cell types. FIG. 2illustrates the uptake of fluoresceinated Tat by isolated microspores.These results indicate that Tat CPP can penetrate into cells.

Various different types of cell penetrating peptides are useful in themethods of the invention. Table 1 indicates a few of the CPPsinvestigated.

TABLE 1 Peptide Peptide Sequence Length Reference Transportan*¹FI-GWTLNSAGYLLGKINLKALAALAKKIL- 27 Pooga et al, amide 2001(SEQ ID NO: 1) pVEC*² FI-LLIILRRRIRKQAHAHSK-amide 18 Elmquist et(SEQ ID NO: 2) al, 2003 TAT-PTD*³ FI-RKKRRQRRR-amide 9 Futaki et al,(SEQ ID NO: 3) 2001

For each of these peptides the N-terminal group was fluoresceinated asindicated by “FI”. The transportan peptide is a chimeric peptideincluding 12 amino acids from the neuropeptide galanin in the N-terminusconnected with Lys13 to 14 amino acids from the wasp venom mastoparan inthe C-terminus. The pVEC peptide was derived from murine vascularendothelial cadherin (amino acid 615-632). The TAT-PTD peptide comprisesthe HIV-1 TAT protein transduction domain.

TABLE 2 Visual fluorescence observed in zygotic embryos TreatmentImmature Mature 1. Control (-Toluene/Ethanol, -Dexatrn, -Tat) − − 2.Control (Toluene/Ethanol only) − − 3. Control (Dextran Sulphate only) +− 4. pVEC only + + 5. M-Tat + − 6. Transportan only ++ + 7. TAT-PTD only++ + 8. Toluene with Dextran sulphate ++ + 9. Toluene with Pvec +++ ++10. Toluene + M-Tat ++ + 11. Toluene with Transportan ++++ +++ 12.Toluene with TAT-PTD +++++ ++++

Table 2 shows the relative fluorescence observed when immature andmature embryos were subjected to various cell-penetrating peptides.

Similar results are presented graphically in FIG. 3. The resultsindicate that translocation of the various peptides occurs in bothmature and immature embryos. The efficiency of translocation is enhancedwhen the cells are exposed to a permeabilizing agent such as toluene.While toluene has been used as an exemplary agent to illustrate theeffect of permeabilization, it is apparent that other permeabilizingagents can be used to achieve the same effect. The results of Table 2and FIG. 3 using three different CPPs indicates a reasonable predictionthat other CPPs would also be useful in the methods of the invention.

The results indicate that the cellular barriers posed by the zygoticembryos can be overcome by permeabilizing the tissue with toluene,resulting in noticeable increase in translocation of all the threepeptides investigated. FITC labeled dextran sulphate served as anegative control since it does not possess cell penetration ability.Another negative control, M-tat also showed significantly lessfluorescence indicating that the penetration by CPP is highly sequencedependent.

The GUS reporter system (GUS: beta-glucuronidase) is a reporter systemthat is well known to those skilled in the art of plant molecularbiology. This reporter system was used to demonstrate the effects ofcell permeabilization and the use of CPPs to enhance the efficiency ofprotein transduction and gene transfection.

FIG. 4 illustrates the uptake of a Tat-GUS enzyme complex inpermeabilized embryos. This photomicrograph clearly demonstrates ahighly efficient method of protein transduction. To further enhanceuptake, a Tat2 CPP was custom synthesized, Tat 2 is an 18 amino aciddimer of the PTD of HIV Tat. The results using Tat2 as the CPP are shownin FIG. 5. To demonstrate once again that other CPPs can be used in themethods of the invention, a Pep-1-GUS enzyme complex was prepared. Thephotomicrographs shown in FIG. 6 illustrate that there is efficientprotein transduction in permeabilized immature embryos using thiscomplex. FIG. 6A is a control embryo and FIG. 6B demonstrates GUS enzymedelivery mediated by Pep-1. To further demonstrate the efficiency ofPep-1 as a CPP for the delivery of a protein cargo, microspores weretreated with the same complex and the results are shown in FIG. 7.

As discussed above, translocation of the CPPs tested was higher in thepermeabilized mature and immature embryos. TAT-PTD showed distinctaccumulation in the germ area of the immature embryos and the uptake ofthe TAT-PTD was increased to the highest level (4.7 times) afterpermeabilization treatment in the immature embryos. Moreover, TAT-PTD isarginine rich with potential to bind the DNA making it a suitablecarrier for gene delivery in plant cells/tissues.

In further investigations a TAT-PTD-plasmid DNA complex was assessed forits ability to induce gus gene expression coded by the plasmid inpermeabilized embryos. The results are shown in FIG. 8 and clearlyindicate that a CPP-plasmid DNA complex can be used to deliver a genefor expression in a plant cell. The GUS transgene expression in thepermeabilized embryos was significantly higher than the expression inthe non-permeabilized embryos. This strongly suggests that cellularpermeabilization plays an important role in translocation ofCPP-mediated cargo complex. The results also indicate that complexformation and permeabilization do not compromise the biological activityof the translocated cargo components.

The efficiency of the methods of the invention for gene transfection wasfurther demonstrated using a Tat/Tat2-DNA complex. The DNA carries aherbicide resistance gene. Microspores were transfected and plants weregenerated. FIG. 9 illustrates that transgenic plants can be generatedusing the methods of the invention.

The efficiency of plant gene transfection can be further enhanced byincluding other known transfection promoting agents, such aslipofectamine. When lipofectamine was added to permeabilized cellstreated with a CPP-DNA complex the efficiency was increased even more.The results shown in FIG. 10 illustrate that by forming a Tat:DNAcomplex, transfection rates are higher than when lipofectamine alone isused as a transfecting agent. However, the combination of lipofectaminewith the CPP-DNA complex was the most efficient.

While the gus gene and protein reporter system has been used todemonstrate the efficacy of the system, it is clearly apparent that if alarge molecule such as GUS can be transported and a complex gene productcan be expressed using the methods of the present invention, then otherproteins can be transduced and other genes can be transfected.

The methods of the invention have also been used for transduction ofembryogenesis related proteins to plant cells. This triggersembryogenesis and can act as a marker. This also provides a novel anduniversal method of protein delivery to plant cells. Co-delivery ofembryogenesis related proteins and a gene of interest provides a novelmethod for plant genetic engineering.

Variations of the methods described in detail are also encompassed. Forexample, a peptide with nuclear or other organelle localization domainsmay be incorporated in the CPP-cargo complexes.

One or more currently preferred embodiments have been described by wayof example. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the art that anumber of variations and modifications can be made without departingfrom the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

The above disclosure generally describes the present invention. It isbelieved that one of ordinary skill in the art can, using the precedingdescription, make and use the compositions and practice the methods ofthe present invention. A more complete understanding can be obtained byreference to the following specific examples. These examples aredescribed solely to illustrate preferred embodiments of the presentinvention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.Changes in form and substitution of equivalents are contemplated ascircumstances may suggest or render expedient. Other genericconfigurations will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Documentssuch as patents or patent applications referred to herein are herebyincorporated by reference.

EXAMPLES

Although specific terms have been used in these examples, such terms areintended in a descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation.Methods of microbiology and physics referred to but not explicitlydescribed in the disclosure and these examples are reported in thescientific literature and are well known to those skilled in the art.

Example 1 Plant Cell Preparation Mature Embryos

The mature embryos (T. aestivum cv AC Superb) were isolated and surfacesterilized as described by Mahalakshmi et al (2000). The sterilizedembryos were air dried in the laminar hood for 1 h prior to use.

Immature Embryos

The embryos were isolated from spikes two weeks post-anthesis (scutellumdiameter 1-2 mm). The immature seeds were surface sterilized with 70%ethanol for 30 s followed by treatment with 10% hypochlorite (Chlorex)and a drop of Tween 20, 3 min. Four washings of 1 min each were givenwith sterile water. The embryos were hand dissected under sterileconditions. Isolated embryos were placed on GEM medium (Eudes et al,2003) for 24 h in dark at room temperature prior to CPP translocationstudies.

Isolated microspores were prepared as described by Amundsen and Eudes,2005.

Example 2 Translocation of Fluoresceinated Cell Penetrating Peptides inZygotic Embryos Using Cellular Permeabilizing Agents

Peptides were custom synthesized and fluoresceinated at the N-terminalamino group (Alberta Peptide Institute, Canada) (Table 1). FITC-Dextransulphate (4,000 kDa, Sigma Aldrich) and mutated Tat were used as anegative control.

Isolated and sterilized embryos (20-25) were imbibed in total volume of420 μl permeabilization buffer (15 mM sodium chloride, 1.5 mM sodiumcitrate, pH 7.1) containing cellular permeabilization agenttoluene/ethanol (1:4) in 1:20 ratio with permeabilization buffer. Tothis 2.1 μl of 1 mM fluoresceinated CPP was added to give a finalconcentration of 5 μM. In negative controls, the embryos were treatedwith FITC-dextran sulphate or M-Tat. The embryos were incubated in thepermeabilization mix for 1 h in dark at room temperature, followed bytwo washings with permeabilization buffer. The embryos were then treatedwith trypsin:EDTA (0.25% solution, Sigma-Aldrich) in 1:2 ratio withpermeabilization buffer for 5 min at room temperature to remove freepeptide molecules. Embryos were washed two times with permeabilizationbuffer and subjected either for fluorescence microscopy orspectrofluorimetric analysis.

Fluorescence Microscopy

Embryos after treatment with cell penetrating peptides and enzymaticdegradation of free, extracellular peptides were observed underfluorescence microscope for visual fluorescence (GFP filter; Excitation470 nm/Emission 525 nm; Leica Inc., Germany).

Translocation of fluoresceinated peptides remarkably increased in thepresence of permeabilizing agent (Toluene) in both mature and immatureembryos as observed under fluorescence microscope (FIG. 1 and Table 2).The negative controls including treatment with FITC-dextran sulphate andM-Tat showed none or very weak fluorescence (FIG. 1A-D). In general,fluorescence intensity in immature embryos was greater than the matureembryos under both permeabilization and non-permeabilization conditions(Table 2; FIG. 3). Among the three peptides investigated, pVEC showedleast uptake even in the embryos treated with cellular permeabilizationagent. Interestingly, the permeabilized immature embryos treated withTAT-PTD showed a distinct layer of accumulation in the scutellum andlocalized accumulation in the germ area of the embryos (FIG. 1F) whereas the treatment of permeabilized embryos with other two peptides showeduniform distribution of the fluorescence.

Fluorimetry Analysis

For fluorimetric analysis, the embryos were treated with 500 μl of 1%Triton X-100 (prepared in permeabilization buffer), 30 min, at 4° C. Thesupernatant was collected in a fresh tube and relative fluorescenceuptake by the embryos with different CPPB was estimated by fluorimeter(Biorad, Versafluor, USA Excitation 490/Emission 520).

The fluorimetric analysis also showed remarkable enhancement in thetranslocation of the cell penetration peptide in the embryos treatedwith cellular permeabilizing agent, toluene (FIGS. 3A, B). The immatureembryos showed higher levels of relative fluorescence uptake for all thepeptides in the permeabilized and non-permeabilized immature embryos. Inparticular, TAT-PTD in immature embryos showed 4.7 times higher relativefluorescence in the permeabilized embryos in comparison to thenon-permeabilized embryos. Transportan and pVEC translocation was alsoincreased by 1.8 times and 1.7 times in the permeabilized immatureembryos (FIG. 3B). However, the fluorimetric analysis revealedrelatively greater translocation of transportan as compared to visualobservation for TAT-PTD in the permeabilized and non-permeabilizedembryos.

Example 3 CPP-Plasmid DNA Complex Uptake by Permeabilized ImmatureEmbryos

For CPP-DNA complex studies, non-fluoresceinated TAT-PTD was employedfor making the complex with DNA (pAct-1GUS). Plasmid DNA and TAT-PTDwere mixed together in 1:10 ratio (5 μg DNA: 50 μg TAT-PTD, stocks forboth were prepared in optima water) with total volume made up to 100 μlwith permeabilization buffer. The mix was incubated at room temperaturefor 1 h prior to addition to the embryos imbibed in permeabilizationbuffer. The permeabilizing agent (Toluene) in 1:20 ratio with the bufferwas added just before adding the complex to the embryos. The embryoswere incubated with the TAT-PTD and DNA complex in the presence ofpermeabilizing agent for 1 h, followed by two washings withpermeabilization buffer. The embryos were plated on GEM containing 250μg/ml cefotaxime at 25° C. in dark for three days.

GUS Histochemical Assay

The immature embryos were incubated in GUS histochemical buffer(Jefferson, 1987) at 37° C., overnight, with 20% methanol added to avoidany endogenous GUS expression. The percentage GUS expression wascalculated as number of treated embryos expressing GUS/total number oftreated embryos×100.

The immature embryos incubated with TAT-PTD-plasmid DNA complex in thepresence of cellular permeabilizing agent showed transient GUSexpression (12%; FIG. 8) whereas the non-treated, negative controls didnot show any GUS expression. The embryos treated with TAT-PTD-DNAcomplex alone without the addition of permeabilizing agent also failedto show any GUS expression signifying the role of permeabilizing agentin facilitating the uptake of TAT-PTD-DNA complex in the immatureembryos.

Example 4 CPP Uptake by Various Plant Tissues

Triticale seeds were washed with detergent and grown on moist cotton forone week. The root tip, leaf tip, leaf base and coleoptile were excisedand incubated with 5 μM of fluorescently labeled pVEC, scrambled pVECand transportan. The uptake was maximum in the root tips and leaf basesfollowed by coleoptile and leaf tip. Transportan showed maximumflorescence followed by pVEC, scrambled pVEC and control in which no CPPwas added.

Example 5 CPP-Mediated Delivery of GUS Enzyme in Immature Embryos

Triticale immature embryos permeabilized with Toluene, were treated withCPP (Tat or Tat2 or R9)-GUS enzyme complex (4:1 w/w) for one hour in thepermeabilization buffer. For Pep-1 the instructions were followed as perthe Active Motif for the Chariot kit designed for protein transductionin mammalian cell lines. The CPP-GUS enzyme complex was prepared in theratio of 4:1 respectively and incubated at the room temperature for onehour. The treated embryos were trypsinized (1:1 trypsin:permeabilization buffer) for five minutes at room temperature resultingin degradation of excess and non-internalized CPP-GUS enzyme complex.After three washes with the permeabilization buffer, the embryos wereincubated in the GUS histochemical buffer with 20% methanol (Kosugi etal, 1990) at 37° C. from three hours to overnight for the appearance ofblue colour in the treated immature embryos.

Example 6 CPP-Mediated Delivery of GUS Enzyme in Microspores

The Triticale microspores were treated with CPPs (Pep-1, Tat, Tat2, R9)and GUS enzyme complex (4:1) for one hour in NPB-99 medium. The CPP-GUSenzyme complex was prepared as mentioned in examples before. After twowashings, trypsinization (1:1 with NPB-99 medium) was performed for fiveminutes at room temperature. The microspores were incubated in the GUShistochemical buffer with 20% methanol (Kosugi et al, 1990) at 37° C.from three hours to overnight for the appearance of blue colour in themicrospores. The positive microspores showed GUS accumulation mainly intheir vacuoles.

Example 7 CPP-Mediated Delivery of GUS Enzyme in Onion Epidermal Cells

The ability to deliver functionally active GUS enzyme by CPP R9 was alsostudied in onion epidermal cells. The complex of R9 and GUS was preparedas mentioned in examples before in the ratio of range of 1-4:1. Theonion epidermal cells were incubated with the complex for one hour andthrice with Phosphate buffer Saline pH 7.2. The cells treated with thecomplex showed appearance of blue colour upon incubation with GUShistochemical buffer for three hours at 37° C. The 4:1 ratio showedmaximum blue colour.

Example 8 CPP-Mediated Delivery of Bar Gene in Embryogenic Microspores

The Triticale microspores were treated with complex of CPP (Tat/Tat2)and herbicide (bar) gene coding fragment driven by ‘tap’ promoter andnos terminator for one-two hours at room temperature. The complex wasprepared in 4:1 ratio of tat/tat2 and DNA (w/w), incubation for one hourfollowed by addition of 5-10 μg of lipofectamine 2000 reagent. The cellswere washed twice with NPB-99 and further cultured for embryogenesis inNPB-99 medium with 10% Ficoll in the presence of ovaries (Eudes andAmundsen, 2005).

PCR positive calli treated with Tat/tat2 DNA complex+Lipofectamine wereobtained as shown in the Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Albino Plant Green Plant Calli Treatment Total No PCR + ve TotalNo PCR + ve Total No PCR + ve Control 6 0 0 0 8 0 DNA only 2 0 0 0 3 0LF + DNA 0 0 0 0 4 0 Tat/Tat₂ + DNA 2 0 2 0 0 0 Tat/Tat₂ + LF + DNA 6 013 0 13 3

Example 9 PHB Genes in Triticale

Triticale tillers for microspore isolation were kept in the refrigerator(4° C.) for 3 weeks with their bases in distilled water and their headswrapped in aluminum foil. After 3 weeks±3 days, the mid to lateuninucleate microspore stage was verified from a median floret usingacetocarmine staining prior to extraction. Isolated microspore wascarried in Triticale as published in Eudes and Amundsen (2005) forobtaining purified microspore suspension adjusted to 2.5×105 cells perml of NPB99 medium.

Two transit peptides for chloroplast or mitochondria were cloned inframe with the three genes coding for the enzymes of the PHB metabolicpathways. An equal molar amount of three genetic cassettes with the sametransit peptide were used for co-transfection. 1 μg of total DNA dilutedin 100 μl sterile water was added to 4 μg of Tat2 diluted in 100 μl, andgently mixed together, resulting in 1:4 ratio of DNA andcell-penetrating peptide (CPP) in the mixture. Following complexincubation for 30 min at RT and 5 μl of Lipofectamine was added for 5min at room temperature, The mixture was added to microspores withoutsupernatant in a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube. Microspores were incubatedwith the carrier-cargo complex for 15 min and 100 μl of NPB-99 was addedand then incubated for 45 min more at RT. The transfected microsporeswere washed with NPB-99, then centrifuged and the supernatant removed.1000 μl NPB-99 was added to 2 ml microcentrifuge tube, gently mixed andthen 500 ml was pipetted in 35 mm Petri dishes containing 3 mlNPB-99+10% Ficoll (Sigma F4375) (NPB-99-10F) containing Cefotaxime.

Four or five ovaries from similarly sterilized spikes taken directlyfrom the plant were added to each dish containing the microspores. Thedishes were sealed with Parafilm and placed in a 150 mm Petri disharound an open 50 mm Petri dish containing sterile distilled water. Thenthe 150 mm dish was also sealed with Parafilm and incubated in the darkat 28° C. for 20 to 30 days. No selection was applied during themicrospore, embryo and plantlet culture.

Regenerated plants were screened by PCR for presence of the threetransgenes. RNA was extracted from plants that were PCR positive for thethree genes of interest. cDNA was generated from this selection ofplants and PCR was performed to confirm expression of the threetransgenes Results are shown in the Table 4.

TABLE 4 Co-transfection and simultaneous expression of the three PHBgenes # # PCR # PCR Organelle transfection # green positive for thepositive on the transit signal experiments plants three genes threecDNAs Chloroplast 2 325 38 7 Mitochondria 1 21 9 1

Example 10 DNA-Protein Co-Delivery in Triticale Microspores

Triticale tillers for microspore isolation were kept in the refrigerator(4° C.) for 3 weeks with their bases in distilled water and their headswrapped in aluminum foil. After 3 weeks±3 days, the mid to lateuninucleate microspore stage was verified from a median floret usingacetocarmine staining prior to extraction. Isolated microspore wascarried in Triticale as published in Eudes and Amundsen (2005) forobtaining purified microspore suspension adjusted to 2.5×105 cells perml of NPB99 medium.

The plasmid (pAct-1 GUS, ˜7.2 kb) was linearized with PstI restrictionenzyme and DNA was purified by PCR product purification kit (QIAquick,Qiagen, USA). The GUS DNA was delivered following 7 different treatments(T). These experiments were replicated five times.

-   -   T1) Control: Control treatment was 200 μl of sterile water.    -   T2) GUS DNA only: 1 μg of GUS DNA (Sigma Aldrich) diluted in 200        μl of sterile water.    -   T3) GUS DNA-RecA: 1 μg of DNA diluted in 100 μl sterile water        was added to 4 μg of RecA diluted in 100 μl, and gently mixed        together, resulting in 1:4 ratio of protein and DNA in the        mixture.    -   T4) DNA-Tat2: 1 μg of DNA diluted in 100 μl sterile water was        added to 4 μg of Tat2 diluted in 100 μl, and gently mixed        together, resulting in 1:4 ratio of DNA and cell-penetrating        peptide (CPP) in the mixture.    -   T5) DNA-Chariot kit: GUS DNA with the chariot protein        transduction kit was transformed by manufacturer's protocol        (Active Motif, USA). 1 μg of GUSDNA was diluted into 100 μl        sterile water, and 6 μl of chariot was diluted in 100 μl sterile        water. The GUS DNA solution was added to the Chariot solution in        a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube, for a final volume of 200 μl.    -   T6) DNA-RecA-Chariot kit: GUS DNA-RecA was delivered in        microspores using a Chariot protein transduction kit and the        manufacturer's protocol was followed. 4 μg of RecA was diluted        50 μl sterile water and 1 μg of GUS DNA was diluted into 50 μl        of sterile water. The RecA solution was added to the DNA        solution and incubated for 15 min. 6 μl of chariot was diluted        in 100 μl sterile water. The chariot solution was pipetted into        the DNA-RecA solution to a final volume of 200 μl in a 2 ml        microcentrifuge tube.    -   T7) DNA-RecA-Tat2: GUS DNA-RecA delivery in microspores by Tat2.        4 μg of RecA was diluted in 50 μl sterile water and 1 μg of GUS        DNA was diluted into 50 μl of sterile water. The RecA solution        was added to the DNA solution and incubated for 15 min. 4 μg of        Tat2 was diluted in 100 μl sterile water. The Tat2 solution was        pipetted into the DNA-RecA solution to a final volume of 200 μl        in a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube.

Following complex incubation for 15 min at RT and 5 μl of Lipofectaminewas added for 5 min at RT, The mix was added to only microspores withoutsupernatant in a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube. Microspores were incubatedwith the carrier-cargo complex for 15 min and 100 μl of NPB-99 was addedand further incubated for 45 min more at RT. The transfected microsporeswere washed with NPB-99, centrifuged and the supernatant removed. 1000μl NPB-99 was added to a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube and gently mixed. 500ml was pipetted in 35 mm Petri dishes containing 3 ml NPB-99+10% Ficoll(Sigma F4375) (NPB-99-10F) containing Cefotaxime.

Four or five ovaries from similarly sterilized spikes taken directlyfrom the plant were added to each dish containing the microspores. Thedishes were sealed with Parafilm and placed in a 150 mm Petri disharound an open 50 mm Petri dish containing sterile distilled water. The150 mm dish was also sealed with Parafilm and incubated in the dark at28° C. for 20 to 30 days.

Embryos larger than 0.5 mm were removed from the Petri dishes and platedonto GEM medium (20 ml in 10 cm Petri dishes; Eudes et al. 2003). ThePetri dishes were sealed with Parafilm and placed 30 cm beneath SylvaniaGro-lux wide spectrum bulbs (40 watts) delivering 80 μM m-2 s-1 (16 hlight period) with a room temperature at 16° C. Once the embryos turnedgreen, they were aseptically transferred onto 50 ml rooting media inMagenta Vessels, in the same conditions. Once the plant reached the 2-3leaf stage and had sufficient root growth the plant was transplantedinto 4×8 Spencer-Lemaire roottrainer (Spencer-Lemaire Industries Lte.,Edmonton) and placed into a growth cabinet with the same conditions asthe mother plants. Two weeks after anthesis, ploidy was estimated bychecking for seed set.

At 4˜5 weeks, embryos were subjected to GUS histochemical assay. Theassay was carried out by adding 200 ml of GUS histochemical buffer (500mM NaH2PO4, 100 mM EDTA, 0.3 M mannitol, 2 mM X-gluc, pH 7.0) to themicrospores and then incubating at 37° C., dark, for overnight. Thestain solution was removed and the embryos were cleared by PBS.Microspores exhibiting blue colour indicated activity of the exogenouslyintroduced GUS enzyme by CPPs. The percentage of blue embryos in eachtreatment was calculated using a stereo microscope.

Distinct translocation of Tat2 and Chariot in embryos was observed 2months after transfection (Table 5). GUS was not observed in negativecontrol; untreated microspores. The highest numbers of embryos thatshowed GUS upon treatment with Tat2 and Chariot was 25.8 and 26.4%,respectively (Table 5). The second highest frequency of blue embryos wasobserved with DNA-RecA-Chariot and DNA-RecA-Tat2 treatments. Withlipofectamine, DNA and DNA-RecA treatments were able to transfect intomicrospores at a lower frequency. These studies demonstrate thatdifferent DNA and protein complexes were internalized in triticalemicrospores.

Table 5. Total number of GUS expressed embryos produced by 7 differenttreatments for gene transformation 2 months after transfection. T1)Control, untreated embryos; T2) DNA; T3) DNA-RecA; T4) DNA-Tat2; T5)DNA-Chariot; T6) DNA-RecA-Chariot; T7) DNA-RecA-Tat2.

TABLE 5 Exp 1 Exp 2 Exp 3 Exp 4 Exp 5 Mean ± SD T1 0 1 1 0 1 0.6 ± 0.5 T2 16 16 17 9 17 15 ± 3.4 T3 21 11 15 17 6 14 ± 5.7 T4 31 23 29 26 2025.8 ± 4.4   T5 32 25 26 27 22 26.4 ± 3.6  T6 14 16 15 17 23 17 ± 3.5 T718 15 18 12 22 17 ± 3.7

Example 11 DNaseI Protection Assay and Retardation Assay

CPPs-GUS DNA complexes were prepared as described for delivery inexample 10 of DNA and CPP complex in triticale microspores DNA (T2) andDNA-RecA (T3). A DNaseI protection assays were performed as describedfor DNA (T2) and DNA-RecA (T3) delivery of DNA and CPP complex intriticale microspores, but without Lipofectamine. Immediately afterincubation of peptide-DNA for 20 min, 4 μl of DNaseI (RNase-Free DNaseset, Qiagen,USA) was added to the mixture volume (200 μl) and incubatedat RT for 15 min followed by 5 min incubation on ice. Peptide-plasmiddissociation and plasmid purification was carried out using a DNApurification kit (QIAquick PCR purification kit).

The DNaseI protection assay showed that DNA, DNA-RecA, DNA-Tat2,DNA-Chariot, DNA-RecA-Chariot, and DNA-RecA-Tat2 with Lipofectamine wereappreciably protected as the band (7.2 kb) corresponding to DNA wasdistinctly visible, whereas DNA and DNA-RecA complexes withoutLipofectamine resulted in degradation of DNA upon treatment with thenuclease (FIG. 11A).

RecA-GUS DNA complexes were prepared as described for delivery of DNAand CPP complex in triticale microspores. 1 μl of GUS DNA was mixed withdifferent concentrations of RecA protein to give ratios of 1:0, 1:4,1:8, 1:12, 1:16, 1:20 and 1:24. After 20 min incubation withoutLipofectamine, the 20 μl of complex was subjected to 1% agarose gel.

Gel retardation assays for DNA-RecA complex show that smear fluorescencewas observed at 1:8 and higher ratios of and GUS DNA, indicatinginfluence of high concentration of RecA on the reduced mobility oflinear plasmid DNA (FIG. 11B). RecA binded to dsDNA at 1:8 and higherratios.

FIG. 11A shows CPP-DNA complex formations. (A) Different treatments ofCPPs and DNA combination were tested for DNaseI protection assay. T1)control, T2) DNA, and T3) DNA-RecA without Lipofectamine; T4) DNA, T5)DNA-RecA, T6) DNA-Tat2, T7) DNA-Chariot, T8) DNA-RecA-Chariot, and T9)DNA-RecA-Tat2 with Lipofectamine. FIG. 11B shows the effect of variousconcentrations of DNA and RecA.

Example 12 Hair Pin Loop Genetic Construct Transfected to WheatMicrospores

TaAOS gene (AY196004) was considered for silencing the jasmonic acid(JA) pathway in wheat using hairpin loop technology. The 27 mer sequenceggccatccgcgaccgcctcgacttcta was chosen as sense strand. The completegene sequence cloned between the actin promoter and the NOS terminatorwas

(SEQ ID NO: 4) TCTCGGCCATCCGCGACCGCCTCGACTTCTACTTCCTGTCATAGAAGTCGAGGCGGTCGCGGATGGCCCT.

1 μg of total DNA diluted in 100 μl sterile water was added to 4 μg ofTat2 diluted in 100 μl, and gently mixed together, resulting in 1:4ratio of DNA and cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) in the mixture.Following complex incubation for 30 min at RT, 5 μl of Lipofectamine wasadded for 5 min at RT, The mix was added to only microspores withoutsupernatant in a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube.

Microspores from the wheat cultivar, Fielder, were collected asdescribed in previous examples and incubated with the carrier-cargocomplex for 15 min. 100 μl of NPB-99 was added and the mix was incubatedfor 45 min more at RT. Transfected microspores were washed with NPB-99,centrifuged and the supernatant removed. 1000 μl NPB-99 was added to a 2ml microcentrifuge tube and gently mixed. 500 ml was pipetted into 35 mmPetri dishes containing 3 ml NPB-99+10% Ficoll (Sigma F4375)(NPB-99-10F) containing Cefotaxime. Microspores and embryos werecultured as described in previous examples.

A total of 90 plantlets were produced from the culture from twoextractions of microspores. During the first days of acclimatizing tosoil, 55 plants died. This unusual high rate of plantlet death onceexposed to soil and aerial contaminants was related to the expression ofthe JA silencing. Regenerated plants (35) were screened by PCR forpresence of the transgene. Three of these plants were PCR positive forthe transgene.

The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided forpurposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention. Individual elements or features ofa particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particularembodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be usedin a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described.The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to beregarded as a departure from the invention, and all such modificationsare intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

1. A method for the delivery of a cargo moiety to plant tissues, organs,or cells, said method comprising exposing a plant cells to a complexcomprising at least one cargo moiety linked to a carrier moiety.
 2. Amethod according to claim 1 wherein the plant cell is a gametophyticplant cell.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the carrier moietyis a polypeptide having cell penetration and nucleic acid bindingproperties.
 4. A method according to claim 1 where in the carrier moietyincludes an organelle localization signal.
 5. A method according toclaim 1 where in the carrier moiety includes a nuclear localizationsignal.
 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the carrier moiety isselected from the group consisting of HIV tat, pVEC, transportan,penetratin, Pep-1 peptides and fragments thereof.
 7. A method accordingto claim 6 wherein the carrier moiety comprises the protein transductiondomain (PTD) of tat.
 8. A method according to claim 7 wherein thecarrier moiety comprises amino acids 49 to 57 of HIV tat.
 9. A methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the cargo moiety comprises a nucleic acid.10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the nucleic acid is selectedfrom the group consisting of mRNA, tm RNA, tRNA, rRNA, siRNA, shRNA,PNA, ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, dsDNA, DNA:RNA hybrids; plasmids, artificialchromosomes, gene therapy constructs, cDNA, PCR products, restrictionfragments, ribozymes, antisense constructs and combinations thereof. 11.A method according to claim 10 wherein the nucleic acid is DNA.
 12. Amethod according to claim 10 wherein the nucleic acid is RNA.
 13. Amethod according to claim 1 wherein the cargo moiety is a polypeptide.14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the polypeptide encodes aprotein that alters the cell metabolism.
 15. A method according to claim14 wherein the protein is an embryogenesis related protein or activedomain thereof.
 16. A method according to claim 14 wherein the proteinis associated with homologous or active domain thereof.
 17. A methodaccording to claim 1 wherein the cargo moiety also includes acombination of additional polypeptide and/or nucleic acid.
 18. A methodaccording to claim 1 wherein a somatic plant cell is pre-treated with acell permeabilizing agent.
 19. A method according to claim 18 whereinthe permeabilizing agent is toluene.
 20. A method according to claim 9further comprising exposing the cells to lipofectamine.
 21. A complexfor mediating transport of an active substance into a plant cell, saidcomplex comprising a cargo moiety linked to a carrier moiety wherein thecarrier moiety can drive the complex into a plant cell.
 22. A complexaccording to claim 21 wherein the cargo moiety is a nucleic acid.
 23. Acomplex according to claim 21 wherein the carrier moiety includes anuclear localization signal.
 24. A complex according to claim 21comprising a fusion protein consisting of cargo moiety and the carriermoiety.
 25. A complex according to claim 21 comprising a marker protein26. A complex according to claim 21 comprising a protein associated withsite directed integration.
 27. A complex according to claim 25comprising an embryogenic protein or active domain thereof.
 28. A methodfor producing a transgenic plant comprising transfecting a plant cellwith a complex or series of complexes as defined in claims 22-27 andgenerating a plant from the transfected plant cell.
 29. A transgenicplant produced according to the method of claim
 28. 30. A transgenicseed transformed with a complex as defined in claim
 21. 31. A totipotentplant cell transformed with a complex as defined in claim 21.